Germany's Underground

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The nation’s 27,000 cubic metres of nuclear waste – accumulated after producing electricity in nuclear reactors over 62 years – could find its final resting place in 15 out of the 16 German states. The only large connected areas that have now been excluded from the process are located in the very west and the very south of the country. Andre E.: Mutmaßlicher Unterstützer der Terrorgruppe NSU in Untersuchungshaft". Focus . Retrieved 11 September 2012. More than 30 official bodies in all were involved in the probe, often getting in each other's way owing to local loyalties rather than working together. She and co-defendant Ralf Wohlleben, a former official of the right-wing extremist National Democratic Party of Germany (NPD), were first taken intocustody in 2011.

The National Socialist Underground (German: Nationalsozialistischer Untergrund, pronunciation ⓘ), or NSU ( German: [ɛnʔɛsˈʔuː] ⓘ), was a far-right German neo-Nazi terrorist group which was uncovered in November 2011. [1] The NSU is mostly associated with Uwe Mundlos, Uwe Böhnhardt and Beate Zschäpe, who lived together under false identities. Between 100 and 150 further associates were identified who supported the core trio in their decade-long underground life and provided them with money, false identities and weapons. Unlike other terror groups, the NSU had not claimed responsibility for their actions. The group's existence was discovered only after the deaths of Böhnhardt and Mundlos, and the subsequent arrest of Zschäpe. Berliner Unterwelten was founded in 1997 to explore, document and preserve the city’s subterranean architecture. The organization’s base is in a former air raid bunker in the Gesundbrunnen subway station, now a museum—the Unterwelten Museum (Subterranean Museum)—that offers various tours through Berlin’s underground. The bunker was cleared and reconstructed by the group and transformed into a museum while maintaining its original character. Hiding on four floors below Berlin are dozens of bunkers, tunnels, walkways, canals, the route of a pneumatic postal system, storage rooms, bomb and ammunition storage, and abandoned subway stations. The storage measures will be accompanied by close monitoring of the market and a layered emergency plan if supplies fall sharply or stop. read more HOW WILL THE LAW BE ENFORCED?Gerlach: Guilty – Also convicted of aiding a terror organization. Sentenced to three years in prison. In addition to numerous tram systems which have been shut down in the 20th century, there are also two systems which have ceased to be identified by their former name and/or ceased operating

This detail from a BVG/VBB (Berlin) route map shows both S- and U-Bahn lines, as well as Regio (RE) train lines. The orange “A” refers to that zone. There are other maps for bus and tram routes. PHOTO: BVG/VBB Wohlleben: Guilty – Convicted of aiding and abetting nine murders by procuring the pistol used. Sentenced to ten years in prison. Investigators initially attributed the murder attempt to the local Turkish gambling mafia. Years passed before authorities shifted their suspicion to the right-wing extremists. In the early years of the investigation, family members of the victims faced allegations that their husbands, sons and brothers had been involved in criminal activities, thus making them targets for criminal groups. Among other things, police found a gunin the burned-out apartment that was the one usedin nine of the murders, giving them concrete evidence of the NSU's involvement. Mundlos and Böhnhardt committed suicide in 2011, Zschäpe turned herself in to authorities four days later Image: dapd The relatives of the NSU murder victims hoped Zschäpe would explain why their family members were killed Image: Reuters/M.Rehle What role did the government play? Ramm, M. Anetzberger, X. Bitz, O. Das Gupta, B. Peters, A. Ramelsberger, W. (11 July 2018). "Lebenslange Haft für Zschäpe im NSU-Prozess". Süddeutsche Zeitung (in German). ISSN 0174-4917 . Retrieved 11 July 2018. {{ cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link)

The release of Eminger on the day of the verdict received applause from the Nazis present in the court. [42] Simultaneously, 10,000 people protested all over Germany against the limited solution of the NSU's crimes and the state's involvement, against the low verdicts for the terrorists and the police's racist investigations against the victims' families. [43] See also [ edit ] The Hamburg service had established an experimental alternating current line in 1907. The whole network still used steam power until 1940, when the old locomotives were replaced by 1200 V DC electric ones. In 1934, the Hamburg-Altonaer Stadt- und Vorortbahn was renamed as S-Bahn. Erfurt S-Bahn was a semi-official term for a suburban service that ceased operating after German Reunification Gebauer, Matthias (15 November 2011). "Döner-Morde: Sie nannten ihn den "kleinen Adolf" – Spiegel Online". Der Spiegel . Retrieved 11 September 2012. Across six episodes, the series explores the geological and cultural treasures that lie beneath Germany's feet. With stunning visuals, expert opinions, and compelling narration, the show delves into the mysteries of this underground world, revealing its connection to the past, present, and future of the country.

Today only four German cities (and Vienna in Austria) have underground/metro (U-Bahn) lines: Berlin, Hamburg, Munich, and Nuremberg. A few cities, such as Cologne, Hanover and Stuttgart, have light-rail ( Stadtbahn) trains that sometimes run underground, but these are not true underground subway lines. (See “Stadtbahn” below.) The U-Bahn is a speedy way to get around in Berlin, Hamburg, Munich, Nuremberg, and Vienna, with trains running in five to ten-minute intervals at peak traffic times. How could German neo-Nazi killers have evaded police for 13 years? The Guardian. Retrieved 8 August 2012.

As the post- World War II rebuilding led to wealth and prosperity in West Germany, a modal shift towards travel by car motivated many larger city councils to plan the replacement of the tramways that were seen as a hindrance to car traffic with U-Bahn systems and bus routes. Nuremberg and Munich decided on a full U-Bahn (like those in Berlin and Hamburg) independent from their existing tramways, which were originally planned to be phased out but are now being expanded again. Stuttgart, Frankfurt, Cologne, Bonn, Düsseldorf, Duisburg, Bochum, Essen, Dortmund, Gelsenkirchen, Herne, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Hanover, Ludwigshafen, Mannheim and Bielefeld started to build tunnels for their existing trams, rebuilding tram lines underground. Those systems of tram in tunnels in city centre areas do not meet the criteria of a metro; they are instead light rail systems. Nonetheless, they are sometimes referred to as U-Bahn. With the exception of the Frankfurt Network, they are officially called Stadtbahn ("city railways") or U-Stadtbahn. von der Behrens, Antonia (2017). "Kontrolle als Gestaltung. Der Verfassungsschutz und der NSU-Komplex". Kritische Justiz. 50 (1): 38–50. doi: 10.5771/0023-4834-2017-1-38. ISSN 0023-4834. As details of the NSU's crimes came to light,numerousintelligence failures were revealed. What was the NSU trial about? Speech by Federal Chancellor Merkel at the Central memorial ceremony to commemorate the victims of extreme right-wing violence. Retrieved 15 August 2012.